PRESENTATION ON CUPHEA OIL CROPPING AND PROCESSING



A SHORT EXPOSITION
ON



INVENTORS: JANOS THESZ BELA BOROS ZOLTAN KIRALY
APPLICATION NUMBERS AT THE HUNGARIAN PATENT OFFICE:
P07 00128, P07 00187, P07 00281
(PCT/HU 2008/000013)

PRIZES WON AT VARIOUS SALONS OF INVENTIONS OF IFIA:

APRIL 2007 GENEVA GOLD MEDAL MAY 2007 KUALA LUMPUR GOLD MEDAL MAY 2007 WARSAW GOLD MEDAL + CUP SEPT. 2007 ZAGREB GOLD MEDAL OCT. 2007 TAIPEI SILVER MEDAL NOV. 2007 NÜRNBERG SILVER MEDAL + SPEC. PRIZE NOV. 2007 BUDAPEST GENIUS DIPLOMA NOV. 2007 BELGRADE GOLD MEDAL JAN. 2008 BUDAPEST INVENTION OF THE YEAR FEBR. 2008 BANGKOK DIPLOMA OF MOLDAVIA UNIV.


2007-2008

1. GENERAL

USES OF BIOMASS OILS AND FATS AS FUELS
VEGETABLE OILS, SUCH AS RAPESEED, SOYA, JATHROPA, PALM-OIL, ETC. AND ANIMAL FATS SUCH AS BEEF TALLOW, PORK LARD, ETC. ARE NATURALLY OCCURING TRIGLYCERIDES (FATTY ACID TRIESTERS OF GLYCEROL). THEY ARE A RENEWABLE SOURCE FOR ALTERNATIVE („GREEN”) FUELS IN DIESEL ENGINES.

CH2-OCO-R1 R1, R2, R3 = C15-C23 I CH - OCO-R2 HYDROCARBON („LONG”) CHAINS I CH2-OCO-R3 IN FATTY ACIDS TRIGLYCERIDE MOLECULAR MASS: 950 – 1000  HIGH VISCOSITY (35-50 cSt)
FOR FUEL PURPOSES TRIGLYCERIDES CAN BE UTILIZED IN A NUMBER OF WAYS:

1/ DIRECTLY (AFTER REFINING): STRAIGHT VEGETABLE OILS („SVO”)

•  NEED PREHEATING ON ACCOUNT OF THEIR HIGH MOLECULAR MASSES/HIGH VISCOSITIES, TO BE ATOMIZED PROPERLY INTO THE COMBUSTION CHAMBER

PROBLEM: REQUIRES MOTOR MODIFICATION

• „SVO” WITH „THINNERS” (MICROEMULSIONS)

PROBLEM: INSTABILITY DURING STORAGE

2/. GENETICALLY MODIFIED TRIGLYCERIDES WITH „SHORT” – CHAIN (C8 – C12) FATTY ACID MOIETIES WITH ENSUING LOWERED MOLECULAR MASSES/LOWER VISCOSITIES
PROBLEM: PUBLIC RESISTANCE/TIME FACTOR

3/. THROUGH FRAGMENTATION OF TRIGLYCERIDES INTO SMALLER MOLECULES (WITH LOWER MOLECULAR MASSES/LOWERED VISCOSITIES):
A/. VIA CATALYTICAL HYDROCRACKING (E.G.: „NExBTL” PROCESS)  YIELDS HYDROCARBONS („PARAFFINS”) + WATER + CARBONDIOXIDE

PROBLEM: HYDROGEN IS FOSSIL (METHANE) DERIVED, OXYGEN CONTENT OF TRIGLYCERIDES IS LOST (NO INTERNAL OXYGEN REMAINS TO ENHANCE COMBUSTION AND TO LOWER PARTICULATE MATTER IN EMISSIONS), THE RESULTING STRAIGHT-CHAIN PARAFFINS HAVE HIGH CLOUD/MELTING POINTS  THE PROCESS REQUIRES AN ADDITIONAL ISOMERIZATION STEP TO GET BRANCHED-CHAIN SPECIES  EXTREME REACTION CONDITIONS  HIGH INVESTMENT/OPERATING COSTS

B/. VIA ALCOHOLYSIS  „BIODIESEL” (BD) OR „FAME” (FATTY ACID METHYL ESTER):

CH2-OCO-R1 CH2-OH R1-COO-CH3 I I CH - OCO-R2+ 3 CH-OH --> CH - OH + R2-COO-CH3 I I CH2-OCO-R3 CH2-OH R3-COO-CH3
TRIGLYCERIDE METHANOL GLYCEROL BIODIESEL (FAME)
VISCOSITY: 4-6 cSt

PROBLEM: 10 – 12 WEIGHT % GLYCEROL BY-PRODUCT IS FORMED  10 – 12% OF STARTING TRIGLYCERIDES IS LOST FOR FUEL PURPOSES.

B. „THE GLYCEROL SYNDROME”

WORLD-PROBLEM OF ALL BIODIESEL PRODUCERS IN 2007: HOW TO OVERCOME THE „GLYCEROL-SYNDROME”? :
THIS SIDE-PRODUCT HAS VERY UNFAVOURABLE PROPERTIES:

• CONTAMINATED WITH METHANOL, WATER, SALTS, COLOURANTS
• REQUIRES COSTLY REFINING
• GROSS OVERSUPPLY (OVER 500000 TONS IN EUROPE ALONE)
• RAPIDLY ACCUMULATING/UNSALEABLE STOCKS
• ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS ON ACCOUNT OF 60-70 LITERS SEWAGE/MT BD

SOME POSSIBLE OUTLETS:
A/ UTILIZING IT FOR MANUFACTURING ADDITIVES FOR BD (KETALS/ACETALS, TO LOWER POUR POINT AND CLOUD POINT)
PROBLEM: DECREASED HEAT OF COMBUSTION/LIMITED UPTAKE
B/ ONLY PARTIAL ALCOHOLYSIS OF TRIGLYCERIDES, WITH NO GLYCEROL FORMATION:

CH2-OCO-R1 CH2- OH I I CH - OCO-R2+ 1 CH3-OH --> CH - OCO-R2 + R1-COO-CH3 I I CH2-OCO-R3 CH2-OCO-R3

PROBLEM: FREE „OH” GROUPS IN THE PRODUCT 

• INCREASED VISCOSITY
• ENHANCED FORMATION OF ACROLEIN THROUGH H2O ELIMINATION  POLYMERISATION  CLOGGINGS/DEPOSITS IN MOTOR  FORMATION OF AROMATICS  LOWERING CETANE NO. + UNFAVOURABLE EMISSION PROFILE

C. OUR SOLUTION: „TBK” BIODIESEL!
A TOTALLY NEW CONCEPT AND APPROACH TO

• ELIMINATE AN ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEM
• INCREASE BIOFUEL YIELDS OUT OF TRIGLYCERIDES BY 10%.
• INTRODUCE AN ECO-FRIENDLY, WASTELESS PROCESS

WE PERFORM PARTIAL TRANSESTERIFICATION (INTERESTERIFICATION) OF TRIGLYCERIDES WITH ALKYL ESTERS OF SHORT-CHAIN CARBOXYLIC ACIDS  CHEMICALLY MODIFIED TRIGLYCERIDES WITH REDUCED MOLECULAR MASSES  LOWERED VISCOSITIES, CLOUD POINTS AND POUR POINTS  NO GLYCEROL FORMATION, NO LOSS OF STARTING TRIGLYCERIDES, AS THEY ARE TOTALLY TRANSFORMED INTO ENERGY-YIELDING MATERIALS:

CH2-OCO-L O N GCH2-OCO- SHORT I I CH - OCO-L O N G + SHORT-COO-CH3-->CH - OCO-L O N G + LONG-COO-CH3 I I CH2-OCO-L O N GCH2-OCO-L O N G

MODIFIED TRIGLYCERIDE FAME MOLECULAR MASS: 450 – 650 (BIODIESEL)
NOVEL BIODIESEL = MODIFIED TRIGLYCERIDES AND/OR THEIR BLENDS WITH BIODIESEL/PETRODIESEL
TYPICALLY A „TBK-BIODIESEL” FUEL IS COMPOSED OF 60-70% MODIFIED TRIGLYCERIDES AND 30-40% OF METHYL/ETHYL ESTERS OF DISPLACED FATTY ACIDS
ADVANTAGES AND FAVOURABLE PROPERTIES OF THE NEW BIOFUEL:

• EACH AND EVERY ATOM OF BIOMASS TRIGLYCERIDE IS UTILIZED FOR FUEL PURPOSES
• 30% MORE INTERNAL OXYGEN CONTENT  BETTER COMBUSTION, LESS SMOKE/SOOT
• UNIVERSAL PROCESS FOR ALL KINDS OF VEGETABLE OILS/ANIMAL FATS
• GLYCERYL MOIETY IS RETAINED  EXTRA YIELD OF BIOFUEL FROM BIOMATTER
• INCORPORATED CARBOXYLIC ESTERS  AT LEAST 10% EXTRA YIELD OF BIOFUEL
• AT LEAST 10% MORE PRODUCT  AT LEAST 10% MORE PROFITS
• AT LEAST 10% LESS ARABLE LAND NEEDED FOR FUEL PURPOSES  MORE LAND LEFT FOR FOOD
• BY INCORPORATING THE GLYCERYL MOIETY NO NEED TO HANDLE A BYPRODUCT
• „TBK” CAN BE PRODUCED IN PRESENTLY OPERATING BD PLANTS
• CONTINUOUS PROCESS, LOWER MANUFACTURING COSTS
• WASTELESS, ECO-FRIENDLY TECHNOLOGY, NO SEWAGE, MILD REACTION CONDITIONS
• GLYCEROL OF PRESENT PROCESSES AS FEEDSTOCK
• LOWERED IODINE NUMBER  MORE STABILE FUEL (BETTER OXIDATION RESISTANCE)  SUNFLOWER/SOYA AS FEEDSTOCK  TRIPLING AVAILABLE STARTING MATERIALS FOR BIOFUEL
• 5% GREATER VOLUMETRIC ENERGY DENSITY AS COMPARED TO BD
• 100% BIO RENEWABLE AS COMPARED TO BD ( FOSSIL-DERIVED METHANOL IN FAME!)
• MORE FAVOURABLE COLD PROPERTIES (LOWER CP/PP)

D. EVALUATION OF THE NEW BIOFUEL


EVALUATION IS UNDER WAY. SOME PRELIMINARY FINDINGS:

• VISCOSITY: 5 – 6 cSt AT 40°C
• CP: – 13°C
• COPPER STRIP CORROSION: CLASS 1A
• MOTOR TESTS (10% BLEND WITH PETRODIESEL): SAME AS BIODIESEL, WITH BETTER TORQUE VALUES
• EMISSIONS: SUPERIOR TO BIODIESEL (50% LESS SMOKE)

THIS NEW FUEL (STARTING FROM RAPESEED OIL) MEETS GERMAN „RK-QUALITÄTSTANDARD” („QUALITY STANDARD FOR RAPESEED OIL AS FUEL”). HOWEVER, ON ACCOUNT OF ITS GREATLY DIMINISHED VISCOSITY IT IS SUITABLE FOR ALL KINDS OF DIESEL ENGINES WITHOUT PREHEATING (CONTRARY TO NEAT – „SVO” – RAPESEED OIL!)

TBK PROPERTIES 905 – 920 > 220 38000 - 39000 5 – 6 - 13°C (cloud point) 0.2 – 0.3 100 – 110 4 – 5 10 – 20 0.3 – 0.4 5 5 – 6 0.005 – 0.01 0.05 – 0.06

SINCE „TBK-BIODIESEL” CONTAINS SUCH COMPONENTS (MODIFIED TRIGLYCERIDES) WHOSE CORRESPONDING COMPOUNDS (TRIGLYCERIDES) ARE VERY MUCH LIMITED BY TRADITIONAL BIODIESEL STANDARDS, STANDARDISATION OF THE NEW BIOFUEL – BASED ON THE ABOVE GERMAN DIN STANDARD – IS IN PROGRESS.

CERTIFICATE
Issued by: Szolnoki Főiskola Műszaki és Mezőgazdasági Fakultás, Mezőtúr (Hungary) Tests performed: in the Institute Workshop, accredited by ENERGOTEST Kft ( Hungary) Date: 13.07.2007. Type of motor: PERKINS 1104 Engine brake: D-4 type water-brake Measuring and qualifying system: Energotest Fuel consumption meter: AI 2000 gravimetric Types of fuel: -10 % TBK-K41 + 90 % petrodiesel - 10 % TBK-K42 + 90 % petrodiesel - 10 % TBK-K44 + 90 % petrodiesel
- 10 % RME + 90 % petrodiesel (as against)
Test purpose: Evaluation of novel biofuel „TBK” by comparing regulatory characteristics under full load
Evaluation of test:
1. Mixtures of biofuels and petrodiesel were tested under full load with engine brake. During the tests no malfunctions arose. The tests for the above-mentioned mixtures were carried out along with a „blind test”.
2. It can be concluded that the maximum effective power at 2100 rpm. were the same for all samples (Peff K41 = 64,8 KW, Peff K42 = 64,2 KW, Peff K44 = 63,6 KW és Peff RME = 64,6 KW, respectively). The same is true for the maximum torques at 1400 rpm. (MK41 = 320,3 Nm, MK42 = 322,2 Nm, MK44 = 319,5 Nm, MRME = 319,1 Nm, respectively). The minimum values of specific fuel consumption were identical: bmin K41 = 287,1 g/KWh, bmin K42 = 287,7g/KWh, bmin K44 = 287,7g/KWh, bmin RME = 300,0 g/KWh, respectively.
3. Sample TBK-K41 was manufactured of rapeseed oil, TBK-K42 of sunflower oil, TBK-K44 of rapeseed oil, under modified parameters, RME is for „Rapeseed Methyl Ester”.

Recommendations:
It is to be stressed that the above values were registered under prevailing conditions without repetition. I recommend long-term tests along with field tests. Also, I propose qualification tests according to biofuel standards in an independent and accredited laboratory.

Mezőtúr, 13. 07. 2007

Dr. Farkas Ferenc Ph.D. Professor of Faculty of Engines H-5400 Mezőtúr, Petőfi tér 1.

5. ECONOMY OF „TBK-BIODIESEL” PROCESS

COMPARISON OF PRESENT BIODIESEL PROCESSES AND THE NOVEL TBK-BIODIESEL PROCESS:

IN PRESENT PROCESSES THERE IS A 12 – 13% LOSS IN TERMS OF STARTING BIOMASS TRIGLYCERIDES, ON ACCOUNT OF GLYCEROL FORMATION. IN THE TBK-PROCESS THERE IS NO SUCH LOSS, AS THE GLYCERYL FUNCTION IS RETAINED IN ONE OF THE FUEL COMPONENTS. MOREOVER, OWING TO THE INCORPORATION OF THE TRANSESTERIFYING AGENT, THERE IS AN EXTRA MIN. 10% GAIN IN TERMS OF FUEL YIELDS. SO ALTOGETHER THE TBK PROCESS HAS AN 10-15% EDGE ON TRADITIONAL PROCESSES. CONSIDERING A 100.000 TON/Y BIODIESEL PLANT THIS EXTRA MASS OF FUEL AMOUNTS TO APPR. USD 10 MILLION IN EXTRA REVENUES.






P OIL/FAT 1000 KG + REAGENTS 60 LIT. SEW. 110 KG GLYC. 1100 KG TBK-BD 20 KG Ca-salt 1000 KG BD RESENT PROCESS: NOVEL PROCESS: (BIODIESEL) („TBK-BD”)


RE-
AC-
TOR








WASTES WITH ATTACHED: GLYCEROL 100 KG EXTRA CEMENT DISPOSAL COSTS. AS FEED BIODIESEL INDUSTRY
E.G.: IN 2007 IN THE USA ALONE PART OF NO WASTE HERE !! 70.000 MT (= 3.500 RAILWAY CARS) THE NOVEL  10% EDGE ON BD OF DISPOSABLE GLYCEROL PROCESS ! CONSIDERING A 100000 T/Y WILL BE PRODUCED BD PLANT THIS MEANS AN  USD 70 M LOSS IN FUEL EXTRA USD 10 M IN REVENUES








INVENTORS’ MESSAGE:
Thanks are due to International Federation of Inventors' Associations ( IFIA ) for promoting introduction of TBK-Biodiesel on the International Forums.
Special thanks are due to Dr Andras Vedres, President of IFIA, along with his Associates for their professional support.


THÉSZ, János BOROS, Béla KIRÁLY, Zoltán

Please contact: Mr Janos Thesz at thesz@t-online.hu