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WIKIPEDIA - CUPHEA http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuphea
Several Cuphea species are popular ornamental plants or honey plants. C. ignea 'David Verity' and C. micropetalia are popular plants to attract hummingbirds. Some species of Cuphea are used to produce cuphea oil, of interest as sources of medium-chain triglycerides. For most purposes, cuphea oil is identical to coconut oil and palm oil; these are derived from strictly tropical plants however and – particularly in the latter case – the expanding production of which has caused a considerable amount of habitat destruction. Cuphea may thus produce a valuable source of income for farmers in temperate regions, and by supplementing coconut and palm oil to satisfy the growing demand (e.g. for biodiesel production) at the same time decreasing the need for wholesale logging in tropical countries. Early attempts at commercial production have focused on an interspecific hybrid population derived from C. lanceolata and Clammy Cuphea (C. viscosissima). The seed oils of some species are very rich in one particular fatty acid. C. painteri oil , for example, is about three-quarters caprylic acid; C. carthagenensis oil consists of about 80% lauric acid. C. koehneana oil may be the richest natural source of a single fatty acid, with 95% of its content consisting of capric acid. =============================/
These oils are also valuable as sources of single fatty acids. C. painteri, for example, is rich in caprylic acid (73%), where C. carthagenensis oil consists of 81% lauric acid. C. koehneana oil may be the richest natural source of a single fatty acid, with 95% of its content consisting of capric acid.
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Caprylic acid
Caprylic acid is the common name for the eight-carbon saturated fatty acid known by the systematic name octanoic acid. It is found naturally in coconuts and breast milk. It is an oily liquid that is minimally soluble in water with a slightly unpleasant rancid-like smell. =========================\ \Decanoic acid http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capric_acid
Decanoic acid, or capric acid, is a saturate fatty acid. Its formula is CH3(CH2)8COOH. Salts and esters of decanoic acid are called decanoates. It is used in organic synthesis and industrially in the manufacture of perfumes, lubricants, greases, rubber, dyes, plastics, food additives and pharmaceuticals.[3]
http://www.agmrc.org/media/cms/cuphea_594F126FC2B6A.pdf
Last updated: 20th September 2002 CUPHEA Family: Lythraceae Genus: Cuphea Species: species Source: http://www.mobot.org/hort/outreach/merit/Cuphea.jpg Contents General Background Details of Quality Characteristics Table 1. The diversity of Fatty acid composition available in Cuphea germplasm: Distribution (% of total fatty acids) Table 2. Content of amino acids in Cuphea painteri (g/16g of protein) Current Production and Yields Constraints upon Production Markets and Market Potential Other Information Research Method for improving Cuphea oil seed production by eliminating premature pod shattering. Developing oils through genetic research. Useful Websites BioMat Net Contacts References
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http://www.springerlink.com/content/d843405176846382/
FrankHirsinger1, 2
AbstractCuphea is an herbaceous summer annual plant native to Mexico. The seed oil contains various medium-chain fatty acids which, depending on the species, account for 40 to more than 80% of the total fatty acids. Cuphea oil could be a substitute for conconut- and palm kernel oil because of the high lauric acid content, but also could serve as a natural source of capric acid, which presently comes mainly from petrochemicals. Agronomic research recently begun at Oregon State University is directed toward adaptation and yield improvement of Cuphea. Initial Oregon field experiments in 1983 indicated that Cuphea is well adapted to the Willamette Valley. The plant, however, is not yet adapted to current farm production technology. Slow emergence and seedling growth may be altered by breeding and selection. Seed indehiscence and indeterminate growth already have been altered through mutations. In recent experiments seed yield could be increased significantly by multiple harvests, which indicates that further gain could be expected through improved technology. Present yield potential of Cuphea is about 300 kg of oil per hectare. 
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Several Cuphea species are popular ornamental plants or honey plants. C. ignea 'David Verity' and C. micropetalia are popular plants to attract hummingbirds. Some species of Cuphea are used to produce cuphea oil, of interest as sources of medium-chain triglycerides. For most purposes, cuphea oil is identical to coconut oil and palm oil; these are derived from strictly tropical plants however and – particularly in the latter case – the expanding production of which has caused a considerable amount of habitat destruction. Cuphea may thus produce a valuable source of income for farmers in temperate regions, and by supplementing coconut and palm oil to satisfy the growing demand (e.g. for biodiesel production) at the same time decreasing the need for wholesale logging in tropical countries. Early attempts at commercial production have focused on an interspecific hybrid population derived from C. lanceolata and Clammy Cuphea (C. viscosissima). The seed oils of some species are very rich in one particular fatty acid. C. painteri oil , for example, is about three-quarters caprylic acid; C. carthagenensis oil consists of about 80% lauric acid. C. koehneana oil may be the richest natural source of a single fatty acid, with 95% of its content consisting of capric acid. =============================/
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuphea_oil
Cuphea oil is oil pressed from the seeds of several species of the genus Cuphea. Interest in cuphea oils is relatively recent, as a source of medium-chain triglycerides like those found in coconut oil and palm oil. Cuphea oil is of interest because it grows in climates where palms - the source of both of these oils - do not grow. The fatty acid content of cuphea oils are as follows. The composition of coconut oil is included for comparison:[1] | C. painteri | 73.0% | 20.4% | 0.2% | 0.3% | 6.1% |
| C. hookeriana | 65.1% | 23.7% | 0.1% | 0.2% | 10.9% |
| C. koehneana | 0.2% | 95.3% | 1.0% | 0.3% | 3.2% |
| C. lanceolata | | 87.5% | 2.1% | 1.4% | 9.0% |
| C. viscosissima | 9.1% | 75.5% | 3.0% | 1.3% | 11.1% |
| C. carthagenensis | | 5.3% | 81.4% | 4.7% | 8.6% |
| C. laminuligera | | 17.1% | 62.6% | 9.5% | 10.8% |
| C. wrightii | | 29.4% | 53.9% | 5.1% | 11.6% |
| C. lutea | 0.4% | 29.4% | 37.7% | 11.1% | 21.4% |
| C. epilobiifolia | | 0.3% | 19.6% | 67.9% | 12.2% |
| C. stigulosa | 0.9% | 18.3% | 13.8% | 45.2% | 21.8% |
| Coconut | 8.0% | 7.0% | 48.0% | 18.0% | 19.0% |
These oils are also valuable as sources of single fatty acids. C. painteri, for example, is rich in caprylic acid (73%), where C. carthagenensis oil consists of 81% lauric acid. C. koehneana oil may be the richest natural source of a single fatty acid, with 95% of its content consisting of capric acid.
[edit] References
- ^ Robert Kleiman (1990). "Chemistry of New Industrial Oilseed Crops". Advances in new crops: 196–203. http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/proceedings1990/v1-196.html. Retrieved on 2006-10-09.
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Caprylic acid
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
 | |
| IUPAC name | [show] octanoic acid |
| CAS number | 124-07-2 |
| PubChem | 379 |
| SMILES | [show] CCCCCCCC(=O)O |
| ChemSpider ID | 370 |
| Molecular formula | C8H16O2 |
| Molar mass | 144.21144 |
| Density | 0.910 g/cm3 |
| Melting point | 16-17 °C |
| Boiling point | 237 °C |
| Acidity (pKa) | 4.89[1] |
| Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25°C, 100kPa) Infobox references | |
Caprylic acid is the common name for the eight-carbon saturated fatty acid known by the systematic name octanoic acid. It is found naturally in coconuts and breast milk. It is an oily liquid that is minimally soluble in water with a slightly unpleasant rancid-like smell.
[edit] Uses
Caprylic acid is used commercially in the production of esters used in perfumery and also in the manufacture of dyes. Caprylic acid is also used in the treatment of some bacterial infections. Due to its relatively short chain length it has no difficulty in penetrating fatty cell wall membranes, hence its effectiveness in combating certain lipid-coated bacteria, such as Staphylococcus aureus and various species of Streptococcus. [2] Caprylic acid, aka, octanoic acid, must be covalently linked to the serine residue at the 3-position of ghrelin, specifically, it must acylate the -OH group, for ghrelin to have its hunger-stimulating action on the feeding centers of the hypothalamus, though other fatty acids may have similar effects.[edit] References
- ^ Lide, D. R. (Ed.) (1990). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (70th Edn.). Boca Raton (FL):CRC Press.
- ^ Nair MK, Joy J, Vasudevan P, Hinckley L, Hoagland TA, Venkitanarayanan KS. Antibacterial effect of caprylic acid and monocaprylin on major bacterial mastitis pathogens. J Dairy Sci. 2005 Oct;88(10):3488-95.
 | |
| IUPAC name | [show] Decanoic acid |
| Other names | Capric acid[1] n-Capric acid n-Decanoic acid Decylic acid n-Decylic acid |
| CAS number | 334-48-5 |
| SMILES | [show] CCCCCCCCCC(=O)O |
| Molecular formula | C10H20O2 |
| Molar mass | 172.26 g/mol |
| Appearance | White crystals with strong smell |
| Density | 0.893 g/cm3,? |
| Melting point | 31 °C (304 K) [2] |
| Boiling point | 269 °C (542 K) |
| Solubility in water | immiscible |
| MSDS | External MSDS |
| Main hazards | Medium toxicity May cause respiratory irritation May be toxic on ingestion May be toxic on skin contact |
| R-phrases | R36 R38 |
| S-phrases | S24 S25 S26 S36 S37 S39 |
| Related fatty acids | Caprylic acid Lauric acid |
| Related compounds | Decanol Decanal |
| Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25°C, 100kPa) Infobox references | |
Decanoic acid, or capric acid, is a saturate fatty acid. Its formula is CH3(CH2)8COOH. Salts and esters of decanoic acid are called decanoates. It is used in organic synthesis and industrially in the manufacture of perfumes, lubricants, greases, rubber, dyes, plastics, food additives and pharmaceuticals.[3]
[edit] Pharmaceuticals
Decanoate salts and esters of various drugs are available. Since decanoic acid is a fatty acid, forming a salt or ester with a drug will increase its lipophilicity and its affinity for fatty tissue. Since distribution of a drug from fatty tissue is usually slow, one may develop a long-acting injectable form of a drug (called a Depot injection) by using its decanoate form. Some examples of drugs available as a decanoate ester or salt include nandrolone, fluphenazine, bromperidol, haloperidol and vanoxerine.[edit] References
- ^ http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/ProductDetail.do?N4=W236403|ALDRICH&N5=Product%20No.|BRAND_KEY&F=SPEC
- ^ http://www.thegoodscentscompany.com/data/rw1007741.html
- ^ http://www.chemicalland21.com/industrialchem/organic/CAPRIC%20ACID.htm
http://www.agmrc.org/media/cms/cuphea_594F126FC2B6A.pdf
Last updated: 20th September 2002 CUPHEA Family: Lythraceae Genus: Cuphea Species: species Source: http://www.mobot.org/hort/outreach/merit/Cuphea.jpg Contents General Background Details of Quality Characteristics Table 1. The diversity of Fatty acid composition available in Cuphea germplasm: Distribution (% of total fatty acids) Table 2. Content of amino acids in Cuphea painteri (g/16g of protein) Current Production and Yields Constraints upon Production Markets and Market Potential Other Information Research Method for improving Cuphea oil seed production by eliminating premature pod shattering. Developing oils through genetic research. Useful Websites BioMat Net Contacts References
General Background
Cuphea is a genus of low-growing herbaceous or annual plants. There are over 45 species of Cuphea. The plant varies from 20 cm to 4 m in height, and is also cross or self pollinating, depending on the species grown. Cuphea originated from central regions of the Americas especially Mexico. Cuphea is currently grown in many third world countries as well as the USA. Due to its lack of frost tolerance it is unlikely to be suitable for culture in many parts of Europe, however several species experimented with by Röbbelen and Hirsinger [1] species identified with potential for cultivation in central Europe include: Cuphea paucpetala, Cuphea leptopoda, Cuphea wrightii, Cuphea tolucana, Cuphea lanceolata, Cuphea procumbens, Cuphea micropetala, and Cuphea ignea.Details of Quality Characteristics
Cuphea is seen as a temperate region source of C8, C10, C12 and C14 oils (medium length fatty acids), to end dependence on palm and coconut oils. In Europe, best cropping results may be achieved in the Mediterranean countries. Table 1 illustrates the diversity in fatty acid composition available in Cuphea germplasm. While there is some variation from accession to accession, the table shows species that are rich in specific single fatty acids. Cuphea painteri, for instance, is very rich in caprylic (8:0) acid (73%) while C.carthagenensis has lauric acid (12:0), as its major fatty acid (81%). Cuphea koehneana is probably the best example of a monoacid seed oil, with more than 95% of its acyl groups as capric acid. As a source for lauric acid, Cuphea ssp. have more to offer than coconut oil (Table 1), because the concentration of lauric acid in the oil is potentially much greater. Isolation of single fatty acids should be easily accomplished and tailor-made fatty acid compositions should be possible.| The diversity in fatty acid composition available in Cuphea germplasm: Distribution (%of total fatty acids) Species | 8:0 Caprylic | 10:0 Capric | 12:0 Lauric | 14:0 Myristic | Others | ||||
| C. painteri | 73.0 | 20.4 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 6.1 | ||||
| C. hookeriana | 65.1 | 23.7 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 10.9 | ||||
| C. koehneana | 0.2 | 95.3 | 1.0 | 0.3 | 3.2 | ||||
| C. lanceolata | 87.5 | 2.1 | 1.4 | 9.0 | 0.0 | ||||
| C. viscosissima | 9.1 | 75.5 | 3.0 | 1.3 | 11.1 | ||||
| C. carthagenensis | 5.3 | 81.4 | 4.7 | 8.6 | 0.0 | ||||
| C. laminuligera | 17.1 | 62.6 | 9.5 | 10.8 | 0.0 | ||||
| C. wrightii | 29.4 | 53.9 | 5.1 | 11.6 | 0.0 | ||||
| C. lutea | 0.4 | 29.4 | 37.7 | 11.1 | 21.4 | ||||
| C. epilobiifolia | 0.3 | 19.6 | 67.9 | 12.2 | |||||
| C. stigulosa | 0.9 | 18.3 | 13.8 | 45.2 | 21.8 | ||||
| Coconut | 8.0 | 7.0 | 48.0 | 18.0 | 19.0 | ||||
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Agronomic potential and seed composition of cuphea, an annual crop for lauric and capric seed oils
| Journal | Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society |
| Publisher | Springer Berlin / Heidelberg |
| ISSN | 0003-021X (Print) 1558-9331 (Online) |
| Issue | Volume 62, Number 1 / January, 1985 |
| Category | News |
| DOI | 10.1007/BF02541493 |
| Pages | 76-80 |
| Subject Collection | Chemistry and Materials Science |
| SpringerLink Date | Friday, January 05, 2007 |
http://www.springerlink.com/content/d843405176846382/
FrankHirsinger1, 2
| (1) | Dept. of Crop Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR |
| (2) | Present address: Henkel KGaA, Postfach 1100, D-4000Düsseldorf, West Germany |
References
| 1. | Stein, W., Fette, Seifen, Anstrich. 84:45 (1982).  |
| 2. | Stein, W., Improvement of seed oils from an industrial point of view: non-edible use. In: Improvement of oil seeds and industrial crops. International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, p. 233 (1982). |
| 3. | Hirsinger, F., Angew. Botanik 54:157 (1980). |
| 4. | Hirsinger, F., Fette, Seifen, Anstrich. 82:385 (1980). |
| 5. | Hirsinger, F., and P.F. Knowles, Econ. Bot. 38:439 (1984). |
| 6. | Robbelen, G., and F. Hirsinger. Cuphea, the first annual oil crop for the production of medium-chain triglycerides (MCT). In: Improvement of oil seeds and industrial crops, IAEA, Vienna, p. 161 (1982). |
| 7. | Hirsinger, F., Z. Pflanzenzüchtg. 85:157 (1980). |
| 8. | Graham, Shirley A., F. Hirsinger and G. Röbbelen., Amer. J. Bot. 68:908 (1981). |
| 9. | Graham, Shirley A., F. Hirsinger and G. Röbbelen. Bio Science 31:244 (1981). |
| 10. | Thies, W., Z. Pflanzenzüchtg. 65:181 (1971). |
| 11. | Koehne, E., Lythraceae IV, 216, In: Das Pflanzenreich, edited by A. Engler, Regni vegetabilis conspectus, Heft 17 (1903). |
| 12. | Wilson, T.L., T.K. Miwa and C.R. Smith, JAOCS 37:675 (1960). |
| 13. | Miller, R.W., F.R. Earle, I.A. Wolff and Q. Jones, JAOCS 41:279 (1964). |
| 14. | Slabas, A.R., P.A. Roberts, J. Ormesher and E.W. Hammond, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 711:411 (1982). |
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